Which Amendment ensures due process for citizens?

The 14th Amendment is crucial in ensuring due process for citizens. Ratified in 1868, this amendment includes the Due Process Clause, which prohibits states from denying any person "life, liberty, or property, without due process of law." This clause extends the protections of the Bill of Rights, originally applicable only to the federal government, to the actions of state governments as well. The 14th Amendment also includes the Equal Protection Clause, which mandates that individuals in similar conditions be treated equally by the law, further reinforcing the principle of fairness in legal proceedings.

The other amendments listed serve different purposes: the 12th Amendment relates to the procedure for electing the President and Vice President, the 13th Amendment abolished slavery and involuntary servitude, and the 15th Amendment prohibits the denial of voting rights based on race. Each of these amendments contributes to expanding civil rights in various ways, but it is the 14th Amendment that directly addresses the issue of due process for citizens.